Conditions, if statements, loops.
True # boolean True (capitalised) False # boolean False (capitalised) x > 3 # True if x is greater than 3, else False x < 3 # True if x is less than 3, else False x == 3 # True if x is equal to 3, else False x >= 3 # True if x is greater than or equal to 3, # else False x <= 3 # True if x is less than or equal to 3, # else False x != 3 # True if x is not equal to 3, else False k = [2, 4, 6, 8] x in k # True if value x is present in # sequence k, else False x not in k # True if value x is not present in # sequence k, else False a is b # True is a and b are the same object # equivalent to id(a)==id(b) a is not # True is a and b are not the same object
not x > 3 # True if x is NOT greater than 3 # equivalent to x <= 3 x < 3 and y < 2 # True if x is less than 3 AND y is less than 2 x < 3 or y < 2 # True if x is less than 3 OR y is less than 2 5 <= z < 10 # True if z is greater than or equal to 5 AND # z is less than 10
0 # 0 or 0.0 count as False # Any non-zero number counts as True [] # Any empty collection counts as False # Any non-empty collection counts as True # Collections include lists, tuples, dicts, sets None # The value None counts as False
if x > 10: print('big') # Only executed if x is greater than 10 if x > 10: print('big') # Only executed if x is greater than 10 else: print('small') # Executed if x is less than or equal to 10 if x > 10: print('big') # Only executed if x is greater than 10 elif x > 5: print('mid') # Only executed if x is greater than 5 but # less than or equal to 10 else: print('small') # Executed if x is less than or equal to 5
a = 0 while a < 3: print(a) # prints 0 1 2 a += 1 while True: print('.') # prints . . . forever # useful with a break statement
for i in range(5): # from 0 up to but not including 5 print(i) # prints: # 0 # 1 # 2 # 3 # 4 for i in range(2, 5): # from 2 up to but not including 5 print(i) # prints: # 2 # 3 # 4 for i in range(1, 9, 2): # from up to but not including 9 print(i) # in steps of 2 # prints: # 1 # 3 # 5 # 7 k = [20, 50, 30 10] for x in k: # loops over each element in k print(x) # prints: # 20 # 30 # 50 # 10 for i, x in enumerate(k): # loops over each element in k print(i, x) # prints: # 0 20 # 1 30 # 2 50 # 3 10 m = ['ab', 'cd', 'ef', 'gh'] n = [10, 20, 30, 40] for a, b in zip(m, n): # loops over each element in m, n print(i, x) # prints: # ab 10 # cd 20 # ef 30 # gh 40
If you found this article useful, you might be interested in the book Functional Programming in Python, or other books, by the same author.
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