It is sometimes useful to loop through a set of values in a different order - perhaps reversed, or even sorted is some particular order. Normal
for
loops aren't great at that, but Python makes this sort of thing much easier.
A range
normally counts from zero up to but not including the end value. Eg this loop runs from 0 to 9:
for i in range(10): print(i)
What if we wanted to count backwards? Well, range
has a 3 parameter variant, where you specify the start value, end value and a step value.
If we make the step -1, then the loop will count backwards. So we need to use the highest value You might think this would work:
for i in range(10, 0, -1): #Wrong! print(i)
In fact this counts from 10 down to but not including 0 (ie it counts down from 10 to 1). What we actually need is this:
for i in range(9, -1, -1): print(i)
This counts from 9 down to 0, but it is quite ugly (especially the end point being -1).
Here is a better way, using the reversed
function:
for i in reversed(range(10)): print(i)
This code is pretty much self documenting. It loops over a reversed range(10), which does exactly what you might expect, counts from 9 down to 0.
reversed
takes the range
object, and returns an iterator
that provides the elements in reverse order. reversed
also works with all sequences such as lists, tuples and strings. Here is an example of reversing a list:
k = ['red', 'green', 'blue'] for s in reversed(k): print(s)
This prints 'blue', 'green', and 'red'.
reversed
works with all sequences. Generally it does not work with iterables that are not sequences - for example it does not work with generators. Therange
object is a special case - it supports the__reversed()__
method, which allows it to work withreversed
. See python.org for more details.
The sorted function lets you loop over a sequence in sorted order. Here is an example:
k = [5, 6, 1, 8, 2, 3] for s in sorted(k): print(s)
It prints 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8.
By default, sorted
uses the natural sort order of the values - that is, the elements are compared using the equivalent of the
less than operator. You can reverse the sort order using the optional reverse
parameter (default false):
k = [5, 6, 1, 8, 2, 3] for s in sorted(k, reverse=True): print(s)
You can use the optional key
parameter to modify the sort order. That isn't covered here, refer to the main Python documentation at
python.org for more information.
sorted
works with all iterables (which includes all types of sequences).
In summary, if you need to loop over a sequence in reversed or sorted order, use the reversed
and sorted
functions. It
simplifies your code by removing extra logic, and it makes the intent of the code clear.
If you found this article useful, you might be interested in the book Functional Programming in Python, or other books, by the same author.
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